አዋጅ ቁጥር 1/1987 የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ሕገ መንግሥት Proclamation No. 1/1987 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation announcing the enactment of the Constitution

 አዋጅ ቁጥር 1/1987 የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ሕገ መንግሥት

Proclamation No. 1/1987
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation announcing the enactment of the Constitution
 

 

The Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia, through their elected representatives, on November 29, 1987. Following the adoption of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the following is announced.

1. Short title

This Proclamation may be cited as the "Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia No. 1/1987".

2. The enactment of the Constitution

Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, August 15, 1987. It has been fully operational since.

3. When the Proclamation is in force

This proclamation was issued on August 15, 1987. It will be valid from the beginning.

Addis Ababa, August 15, 1987

 

Introduction

 

We, the nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia:

Determined to build a peaceful political society based on the rule of law and our own free will, in order to achieve lasting peace, secure democracy, accelerate economic and social development in our country, Ethiopia.

In order to achieve this goal, we strongly believe in the fundamental rights of the individual and the nation, the equality of the sexes, and the need to ensure that cultures and religions move freely.

Ethiopia is a country where we have our own culture, our own landscape, and we live together and live together in different fields and levels of communication. Because we believe we have a common interest and perspective;

Recognizing that our future common destiny should be based on correcting the distorted relationships we have inherited from our history and enhancing our common interests;

Recognizing the importance of building an economic community to promote our interests, rights and freedoms collectively and mutually;

To ensure the sustainability of democracy and peace gained through our struggle and sacrifice;

This Constitution was approved by the Constituent Assembly today, November 29, 1987.

Chapter One

General Provisions

Article 1 - Name of the Government of Ethiopia

This constitution provides for a federal and democratic structure of government. Accordingly, the Ethiopian government is called the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Article 2 - Territory of Ethiopia

Ethiopia's territorial boundaries include federal boundaries and are determined in accordance with international agreements.

Article 3 - The purpose of the Ethiopian flag

1. The Ethiopian flag is green at the top, yellow at the bottom and red at the bottom, with a national emblem in the center. All three colors are evenly spaced horizontally.

2. The national emblem on the flag reflects the hope of the nations, nationalities, peoples and religions of Ethiopia to live in equality and unity.

3. Federal members may have their own flags and emblems. The details are decided by their respective councils.

Article 4 - Ethiopian National Anthem

The national anthem of Ethiopia is enshrined in law as a reflection of the purpose of the constitution and the belief of the Ethiopian people to live together in democracy, as well as their common future.

Article 5 - About language

1. All Ethiopian languages ​​are equally recognized by the government.

2. Amharic will be the working language of the Federal Government.

3. The members of the federation determine their own working language by law.

Article 6 - About citizenship

1. Her parents or one of her parents is an Ethiopian citizen.

2. Foreign nationals can obtain Ethiopian citizenship.

3. The details regarding citizenship are determined by law.

Article 7 - Gender

The provisions of this Constitution also include the gender of the woman.

Chapter Two

The basic principles of the Constitution

Article 8 - Sovereignty of the People

1. The nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia are the sovereign of Ethiopia.
2. This constitution is a declaration of their sovereignty.

3. Their sovereignty is exercised through their elected representatives and direct democratic participation in accordance with this Constitution.

Article 9 - Supremacy of the Constitution

1. The constitution is the supreme law of the land. Any customary law, as well as the decision of a government body or authority, is unconstitutional.

2. All citizens, government bodies, political parties, other associations and their officials have a responsibility to uphold the Constitution and to abide by it.

3. It is prohibited to hold public office in any capacity other than that provided for in this Constitution.

4. International agreements ratified by Ethiopia are part of the country's law.

Article 10 - Human and Democratic Rights

1. Human rights and freedoms are inalienable and inalienable.

2. The human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples are respected.

Article 11 - Separation of State and Religion

1. Government and religion are different.

2. There will be no state religion.

3. The government does not interfere in religious affairs. Religion does not interfere with government affairs.

Article 12 - Government Activity and Accountability

1. Government practices must be transparent to the public.

2. Any official or elected official will be held accountable for his or her misconduct.

3. He may be removed from office if he does not trust the elected representative. The details are determined by law.

Chapter Three

Fundamental rights and freedoms

Article 13 - Applicability and Interpretation

1. The federal, state, legislative, and judicial bodies at all levels have the responsibility and obligation to comply with the provisions of this chapter.

2. The fundamental rights and freedoms set forth in this chapter shall be interpreted in accordance with the principles of international human rights law, international human rights treaties and international instruments adopted by Ethiopia.

Part One

Human rights

Article 14 - The right to life, security and liberty

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 15 - Right to Life

Everyone has the right to life. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16 - Right to Physical Safety

Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 17 - The right to liberty

1. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

2. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 18 - E - Prohibition of Human Treatment

1. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

2. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; Trafficking in persons is prohibited for any purpose.

3. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation.

4. The phrase "forcibly or compulsory duty" in sub-article 3 of this Article does not include the following conditions:

A) Any work performed by a prisoner in accordance with the law while incarcerated, or any other activity performed at the time of his release;

B) Substitute service for a person whose conscience does not allow him to perform military service;

C) any service provided in the event of an emergency or emergency that endangers the life or safety of the community;

D)  Any economic and social development work to be carried out in the area with the consent of the people concerned.

Article 19 - Rights of Detainees

1. Arrested persons have the right to be informed of the charges in a language they understand immediately.
2. Detainees have the right not to speak, and they have the right to be informed as soon as they are arrested in a language they understand that any statement they make may be presented to them as evidence in court.

3. Detainees have the right to appear in court within 48 hours. This does not include the time required by the detainees to appear in court. As soon as they appear in court, they have the right to be told if there is a reason to be arrested for the alleged crime.

4. If the arrested police officer or law enforcement officer does not explain the reason for their detention to the court within the time limit, they have the inalienable right to ask the court to respect their liberty. However, if the circumstances require justice, the court may allow the detainee to remain in custody or to conduct an investigation only if necessary. When the court determines the length of the investigation, law enforcement officials in charge of the investigation must respect the right of the arrested person to appear in court as soon as possible.

5. Detainees are not required to give evidence of their own beliefs or to believe any evidence. Evidence obtained by coercion will not be accepted.

6. Detainees have the right to be released on bail. However, in exceptional circumstances, the court may order that the bail be not granted or that adequate bail be granted.

Article 20 - Rights of Defendants

1. Defendants have the right to a public hearing in a regular court within a reasonable period of time after a charge has been filed. However, in order to protect the privacy of the parties, the morale of the people and the security of the country, the case may be heard in closed session.

2. They have the right to be informed in sufficient detail and to have the charge in writing.

3. They have the right not to be convicted of a crime and not to be compelled to testify during a trial.

4. They have the right to question any witnesses, to present evidence to defend themselves, and to ask witnesses to testify.

5. They have the right to be represented by a lawyer of their choice or to have access to a public defender in the event of a lack of justice.

6. They have the right to appeal to a court of competent jurisdiction over the order or judgment of the trial court.

7. They have the right to request that the proceedings be interpreted at the expense of the government if the proceedings are conducted in a language they do not understand.

Article 21 - The rights of detainees and detainees

1. Detainees and detainees have the right to be treated in a manner that respects their human dignity.

2. They also have the right to meet and visit their spouses, close relatives, friends, religious counselors, doctors and legal counsel.

Article 22 - Whether the criminal law does not work backwards

1. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. And no one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article 1 of this Article, the law enacted after the act is applicable to the defendant or the person being punished if the law enacted after the act is applicable.

Article 23 - Prohibition of re-punishment for a crime

No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed.

Article 24 - Right to Honor and Reputation

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

3. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 25 - The Right to Equality

All men are equal before the law, They are equally protected by law without discrimination. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 26 - The Right to Privacy

1. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. This right includes the right to inspect his or her home, body, and property and to protect his or her property.

2. Private correspondence, correspondence, and communications with telephones, telecommunications, and electronic devices will not be compromised.

3. Government officials have a duty to respect and enforce these rights. The exercise of these rights may not be restricted unless compulsory and in accordance with detailed laws based on national security, public peace, the prevention of crime, the protection of public health and morals, or the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 27 - Freedom of religion, belief and opinion

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association; its right to freedom of expression and association; its right to freedom of expression and association;

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article (2) of Article 90, religious persons may establish religious education and administrative institutions, which they may not be able to promote or organize.

3. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to raise their children according to their own religious beliefs and morals.

5. The right to freedom of religion and belief may be restricted by laws enacted to ensure public safety, peace, health, education, public morals, the fundamental rights, freedoms, and government of all citizens.

Article 28 - Crimes against humanity

1. Crimes against humanity under international treaties ratified by Ethiopia and other Ethiopian laws; No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Decisions by the legislature or any other body of government are not pardoned or pardoned.

2. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the title may be commuted to life imprisonment for persons convicted of the offenses referred to in sub-article 1 of this Article.

Part Two

Democratic rights

Article 29 - The right to freedom of opinion and expression

1. Anyone can take such an approach without interference.

2. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; This right includes freedom to collect, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or in any other media.

3. Freedom of the press and other media, as well as artistic creation, is guaranteed. Freedom of the press specifically includes the following rights:

A) Whether pre-screening is prohibited in any form;

B) Access to information in the public interest.

4. In order to ensure the free flow of information, ideas and opinions necessary for a democratic system, the president shall be protected by law in order to have the freedom to practice and act in a variety of ways.

5. Government-sponsored or state-controlled media are controlled in a way that does not accommodate a wide range of opinions.

6. These rights may be restricted only by laws based on the principle that freedom of thought and information should not be restricted by its content and its consequences. Legal restrictions may be imposed to protect the safety, dignity, and reputation of young people. Provocations of war and derogatory remarks may be prohibited by law.

7. Any citizen may be held liable if he or she is found to be in violation of any of the above rights.

Article 30 - Freedom of assembly, peaceful demonstration and petition - the right to appeal

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. Appropriate procedures may be in place to ensure that public gatherings and demonstrations do not interfere with public order or that ongoing gatherings and demonstrations do not violate the peace, democratic rights, or morals of the people.

2. This right does not preclude accountability under laws enacted to protect the safety of young people, human dignity and reputation, and to prevent acts of violence and public decrees.

Article 31 - Right to Organize

Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for any purpose. However, organizations that have established or promoted activities that violate the law or that violate the constitutional order are prohibited.

Article 32 - Freedom of Movement

1. Every Ethiopian or foreigner legally residing in the country has the right to move and settle in any part of the country of his choice, and to leave the country at any time.

2. Every Ethiopian has the right to return home.

Article 33 - Citizenship Rights

1. No Ethiopian can revoke his / her Ethiopian citizenship without his / her consent. An Ethiopian citizen's marriage to another citizen does not deprive him of his Ethiopian citizenship.

2. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the protection, protection and benefits of Ethiopian citizenship.

3. Every citizen has the right to change his or her Ethiopian citizenship.

4. Ethiopian citizenship can be granted to foreigners in accordance with laws and regulations that are inconsistent with international conventions ratified by Ethiopia.

Article 34 - Private and family rights of marriage

1. Men and women of legal age who are legally married have the right to marry and to start a family without any discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion. They have the same rights in marriage, in marriage, and in divorce. At the time of the divorce, the rights and interests of the children are protected.

2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

3. The family is the natural foundation of society. He has the right to protection from society and the government.

4. Legislation may be enacted that recognizes marriages based on religious and cultural norms, especially those listed in the law.

5. This constitution does not prohibit the adjudication of personal and family law in accordance with religious or cultural law. The details are determined by law.

Article 35 - Women's Rights

1. Women have the same rights as men to exercise the rights and protections guaranteed by this Constitution.

2. According to this constitution, women have the same rights as men in marriage.

3. Women have the right to receive additional support for rehabilitation, taking into account their historical heritage of inferiority and inequality. The purpose of these measures is to pay special attention to women's participation in politics, social and economic life, as well as in public and private institutions.

4. The government must protect the right of women to be free from harmful influences. Laws, customs, and practices that oppress women or harm their bodies or minds are forbidden.

5. A) Women have the right to maternity leave with full pay. The length of maternity leave is determined by law, taking into account the woman's work situation, the woman's health, and the well-being of the child and family.

  B) Maternity leave may include maternity leave with full pay as required by law.

6. Women have the right to be fully involved in the planning and implementation of national development policies, especially in projects that affect the interests of women.

7. Women have the right to own, manage, control, use and transfer property. They have the same rights as men, especially in the use, transfer, administration, and control of land. They also have the right to be treated equally.

8. Women have equal rights to employment, promotion, equal pay and transfer pensions.

9. Women have access to family planning information and capacity to prevent and protect them from pregnancy and childbirth injuries.

Article 36 - Children's Rights

1. Every child has the following rights:

A) to survive,

B) acquisition of name and citizenship;

C)  To know and care for the parents or guardians;

D)  Protecting the labor from exploiting habits, and not forcing or engaging in activities that endanger the education, health and well-being;

E) To  be free from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in schools or orphanages.

2. Child welfare should be a top priority when taking action on children, whether in public or private charities, courts, authorities or the legislature.

3. Youth offenders, young people in correctional or rehabilitation institutions, young people growing up in government assistance, and young people in public or private institutions should be kept separate from adults.

4. Children born out of wedlock have the same rights as children born out of wedlock.

5. The government provides special protections for young people and encourages the establishment of institutions that facilitate and promote adoption and promote their well-being and education.

Article 37 - The Right to Justice

1. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

2. The decision or judgment referred to in sub-article 1 of this Article:

A) Any association representing the common or private interests of its members;

B) The right to request and receive any person or group member representing any group or persons with similar interests.

Article 38 - The right to vote and to stand for election

1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the following rights, regardless of race, ethnicity, nationality, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, regardless of race or nationality.

A) Participate in the administration of public affairs through their directly and freely elected representatives;

B) Legally elected at the age of 18;

C) To be elected and re-elected at any level of government. The election must be universal, based on equality, and guaranteed by a secret ballot.

2. Everyone who casts their eyes upon it, wants a go. It must be respected.

3. Elections for positions of responsibility within the organizations referred to in sub-article 2 of this Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic manner.

4. The provisions of sub-articles 2 and 3 of this Article shall apply to public organizations as long as they have a broader impact on the public interest.

Article 39 - The rights of the peoples of the nations and nationalities

1. The right of every Ethiopian nation, ethnic group and people to self-determination, including secession, is unrestricted.

2. Every nation, ethnic group, and people of Ethiopia has the right to speak, write, develop their language, and express, develop and expand their culture, and preserve their history.

3. Every nation, ethnic group, and people of Ethiopia has the right to self-government. This right includes the right to self-determination in all areas of life, including the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State and territory.

4. The right of nations, nationalities and peoples to self-determination to secession shall be exercised;

A) When the secession request is approved by a two-thirds majority vote of the National, National or People's Legislative Assembly;

B) when the Federal Government organizes a referendum for the requesting nation, ethnicity or people within three years of the decision of the National, Nationality or People's Council;

C) When the question of secession is supported by a majority of the people's decision;

D) When the federal government hands over power to the elected nation, ethnic group or people's council;

E) The distribution of property in accordance with the law.

5. In this Constitution, "Nation, Nation, Nation" means a society that displays the following characteristics. They have a common culture, a common culture, or similar experiences, a common language, a common denominator, a common denominator, and a largely cohesive landscape.

Article 40 - Property rights

1. Every Ethiopian citizen is respected for his or her private property. This right includes the right to own property, to use it, or to sell, inherit, or otherwise transfer property, unless otherwise provided by law.

2. For the purposes of this Article, "private property" means any tangible and tangible result of the labor, creativity, or capital of any Ethiopian citizen or legal entity that is legally owned by Ethiopian associations or, in appropriate circumstances.

3. The ownership of land and natural resources, both rural and urban, belongs to the government and the people. Land that does not sell is the common property of the nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia.

4. Ethiopian farmers have the right to free land and not to be evicted. Detailed laws will be issued regarding its implementation.

5. Ethiopian nomads have the right to free access, use and displacement of land for grazing and farming. The details will be determined by law.

6. While the ownership of land belongs to the nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia, the government respects the right of private investors to use land at a legal rate. The details are determined by law.

7. Every Ethiopian shall have the right to the property, property, or property which is to be built on his land or to his permanent improvement. This right shall include the right to sell, exchange, inherit, repossess, transfer or claim compensation in accordance with the law.

8. Without prejudice to the right to own private property, the government may, in the event of a public interest, acquire private property in advance by paying reasonable compensation in advance.

Article 41 - Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage in any economic activity in the country and to work for a living.

2. All Ethiopians have the right to choose their livelihood, occupation and profession.

3. All Ethiopians have the right to equal access to government-sponsored social services.

4. The government allocates more and more resources to provide health, education and other social services.

5. The government will take care of the physically and mentally handicapped, the elderly and orphans to the best of their ability.

6. The government will pursue a policy of creating jobs for the unemployed and the needy; It also develops work programs to create job opportunities in its field of work and implements projects.

7. The government will take the necessary steps to increase the chances of finding good jobs.

8. Farmers and nomadic Ethiopians have the right to receive a fair price for their products, which is commensurate with their contribution to production. The government must be guided by this policy when developing economic, social and development policies.

9. The government is responsible for preserving cultural and historical heritage and contributing to the development of the arts and sports.

Article 42 - Workers' Rights

1. A) Factory and service workers, farmers, agricultural workers, other rural workers, government workers who are below certain levels of responsibility and whose work ethic permits them have the right to organize in order to improve working and economic conditions. This right includes the right to organize trade unions and other unions, and to negotiate with employers and other organizations that affect their interests.

  B) Employees referred to in sub-article (a) have the right to complain, including termination of employment.

  C) The right of government employees to exercise their recognized rights under sub-articles (a) and (b) shall be determined by law.

  D) Women workers are entitled to the same pay for the same work.

2. Workers have the right to a reasonable amount of work, leisure time, paid holidays, paid public holidays, and a healthy and safe work environment.

3. Laws enacted to enforce these rights shall, without prejudice to the rights recognized under sub-article 1 of this Article, establish a collective bargaining system and shall be subject to collective bargaining.

Article 43 - Right to Development

1. The people of Ethiopia in general and the nations, nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia in particular have the right to improve their living conditions and to achieve sustainable development.

2. Citizens have the right to participate in national development, and to have their say in policies and projects that affect the community to which they belong.

3. The government's international agreements and relations must respect Ethiopia's right to sustainable development.

4. The main purpose of the development movement is to meet the development and basic needs of the citizens.

Article 44 - Environmental Rights

1. Everyone has the right to a clean and healthy environment.

2. Everyone who has been displaced or affected by government programs is entitled to adequate financial or other alternative compensation, including adequate relocation through government assistance.

Chapter Four 

Government structure

Article 45 - System of Government

The system of government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is parliamentary.

Article 46 - Federal States

1. The federal government is made up of states.

2. Regions are formed on the basis of population, language, identity, and consent.

Article 47 - Members of the Federal Government

1. The members of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia are as follows:

1. Tigray Region
2. Afar region
3. Amhara region
4. Oromia Region
5. Somali region
6. Benishangul-Gumuz region
7. Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region
8. Gambella People's Region
9. Harari People's Region

2. The nations, nationalities and peoples included in the territories referred to in sub-article 1 of this Article shall have the right to establish their own territories at any time.

3. The right of every nation, ethnic group, and people to establish its own territory;

A) When the request for the formation of a state is approved by a two-thirds majority vote of the nation, ethnic group or people's council and the request is submitted in writing to the state council;

B) When the requested State Council organizes a referendum for the requested nation, ethnic group or people within one year of receiving the request;

C) When the request for the establishment of a state is supported by a majority vote of the nation or the people's referendum;

D) When the State Council hands over its power to the requested nation, ethnic group or people;

E) A referendum on the formation of a new state shall be made without the need for a direct member of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

4. Members of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia have equal rights and powers.

Article 48 - Zoning changes

1. If there is a question of territorial boundaries, an agreement will be reached between the states concerned. If the concerned regions cannot agree, the House of Federation shall decide on the basis of the settlement and needs of the people.

2. Matters submitted in accordance with sub-article 1 of this Article shall be decided by the House of Federation within a period not exceeding two years.

Article 49 - Capital

1. The capital of the Federal Government is Addis Ababa.

2. The Addis Ababa City Administration shall have full authority to govern itself. The details are determined by law.

3. The Addis Ababa City Administration is accountable to the Federal Government.

4. Residents of Addis Ababa shall be represented in the Federal House of Peoples' Representatives in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

5. Oromia Region: In the case of service delivery or the use of natural resources, etc., as well as the administrative issues that connect the two arising from the fact that Addis Ababa is located in the middle of the Oromia region, the details will be determined by law.

Chapter Five

Structure and division of power

Article 50 - Structure of Authority

1. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is made up of the federal government and the states.

2. The federal government and the states have legislative, executive, and judicial powers.

3. The highest authority in the Federal Government is the House of Peoples' Representatives of the Federal Government. He is accountable to the people of the country. The highest authority of the State is the State Council; It is accountable to the people of the region it represents.
4. Regions: They are organized into states and territories where they are deemed necessary. It gives sufficient power to the lower levels so that the people can participate directly in the lower levels of government.

5. The State Council is the legislative body of the State in matters under the jurisdiction of the State. Based on this constitution, it prepares, approves, and amends the state constitution.

6. The state government is the highest executive body of the state.

7. State jurisdiction is limited to the courts.

8. The powers of the federal government and the states are set out in this constitution. The powers vested in the federal government must be respected by the states. The powers vested in the states must be respected by the federal government.

9. The Federal Government may delegate to the states as it deems necessary in accordance with the powers and functions provided for in Article 51 of this Constitution.

Article 51 - Powers and Duties of the Federal Government

1. He upholds the Constitution; It protects.

2. Develop the country's overall economic, social and development policy, strategy and plan; Executes.

3. Develop and implement national standards for health, education, cultural and historical heritage, science and technology and basic policy measures.

4. It shall formulate and implement the country's financial, monetary, and foreign investment policies and strategies.

5. It enacts legislation on the use and protection of land, natural resources, and historical heritage.

6. Organizes national and public defense and security forces as well as the federal government police force; Leads.

7. Administers the National Bank; Prints money: Borrow: Controls foreign exchange and exchange. It issues laws and regulations regarding the borrowing of states from internal sources.

8. Determines foreign policy; Enforces policy; International agreements are signed; Approves.

9. It expands, manages, and controls air, rail, sea transport, postal and telecommunications services, as well as highways connecting two or more regions.

10. Imposes agricultural taxes on the revenue sources provided to the federal government; Manages: Draws federal budget; Approves: Manages.

11. Determines and administers the use of rivers and lakes that connect two or more regions or cross borders.

12. Directs trade relations and foreign trade between regions; Controls.

13. Manages one or more federally funded service institutions; It expands.

14. In the event of a security breach beyond the capacity of the state, it will deploy the national defense force at the request of the regional government.

15. This constitution sets out the political parties necessary for the exercise of the political rights enshrined in them, as well as the laws governing elections.

16. It declares a state of emergency in the whole country and in some parts of the country.

17. Citizenship application determines.

18. Immigration and passport issues of entry and exit; Depends on refugees and political asylum; Leads.

19. Allows copyright and copyright; He waits.

20. Produces uniform standards and timelines.

21. It regulates the use of firearms.

Article 52 - State Powers and Duties

1. Powers that are not explicitly vested in the Constitution by the Federal Government in particular or by the Federal Government and the States shall be state powers.

2. Subject to the provisions of sub-article 1 of this Article, the powers and functions of the States shall include:

A) Establish a regional government aimed at self-government; Build a democratic system where the rule of law prevails; He upholds this Constitution; Protects;

B) Enact and implement state constitutions and other laws;

C) Develop and implement the economic, social and development policies, strategies and plans of the region;

D) administer land and natural resources in accordance with the laws of the Federal Government;

E) imposes agricultural tax on the region in the revenue source set for the region; Collects: Shares the state budget; Executes:

F) Enact legislation regarding the management and working conditions of the employees of the State Government; Executes: However, it is responsible for ensuring that the qualifications for education, training and experience required for a position are in line with the country's overall standards.

G) Organize, direct, and maintain the peace and security of the region.

Chapter Six

About the Federal Government Councils

Article 53 - Federal Government Councils

The federal government will have two chambers; These are the House of Representatives and the House of Federation.

Part One

House of Representatives

Article 54 - Members of the House of Representatives

1. Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives; Every five years, they are elected by the people in a universal, free, direct, fair and secret ballot.

2. Members of the House of Representatives are elected in a constituency in which the candidate with the highest number of votes wins. Minorities and peoples who are believed to need special representation will be elected to the House of Representatives. The details are determined by law.

3. The number of members of the House shall not be less than 550, depending on the size of the population and the number of ethnic minorities and peoples to be given special attention. Of these, minorities shall have at least 209 seats. The details are regulated by law.

4. The members of the Council are the representatives of the whole nation. Their submission:

A) To the Constitution:

B) To the people: And

C) for their conscience;

       It just happens.

5. No member of the House will be prosecuted for his or her vote in the House. It does not take administrative action.

6. No member of the House shall be arrested without the permission of the House of Representatives unless he or she is involved in a serious crime; He will not be charged with a crime.

7. When a member of the House of Representatives loses the trust of the electorate, he or she shall be removed from office in accordance with the law.

Article 55 - Powers and Duties of the House of Peoples' Representatives

1. The House of Peoples' Representatives shall enact laws in the jurisdiction of the Federal Government in accordance with this Constitution.

2. Subject to the general provisions of sub-article 1 of this Article, the House of Peoples' Representatives shall enact detailed laws on the following matters:

A) Land and natural resources; Also regarding the use of transboundary rivers or lakes that connect more than one region;

B) Trade between regions; As well as foreign trade relations;

C) Air, rail and sea transport; Regarding postal and telecommunications services, as well as highways connecting two or more regions;

D) Regarding the exercise of political rights and elections provided for in this Constitution;

E) the right to citizenship; Immigration: Passport: With regard to entry and exit issues as well as immigration and political asylum issues;

F) Regarding a uniform measurement level and time formula;

G) Regarding copyright and artistic rights;

H) Regarding possession of a weapon.

3. It issues labor law.

4. Makes a code of commerce.

5. It enacts criminal law. Notwithstanding this, states have the power to legislate on matters that are not explicitly covered by the federal government's penal code.

6. In order to create an economic community, they are required by federal law to enact civil laws approved by the House of Federation.

7. Federal Government: National and public defense; Determines the organization of security and police forces. Investigates basic human rights and national security issues; It will take the necessary steps.

8. It declares a state of emergency in accordance with Article 93, and decides on the state of emergency to be issued by the law enforcement.

9. The Council of Ministers declares war on a draft law.

10. The country's overall economic, social, development policies and strategies; Approves financial and monetary policy; Money: National Bank Administration; Makes detailed rules regarding foreign exchange and exchange.

11. It imposes an agricultural tax on revenue sources reserved for the federal government. Approves federal budget.

12. The legislature approves international agreements.

13. Federal Court Judges; Members of the Council of Ministers; Commissioners: Approves the appointment of the Auditor General and other officials whose appointments must be approved by the House.

14. Establishes Human Rights Commission; It is determined by law.

15. Establishes ombudsman; Elects members to lead the institution; It names. It is determined by law.

16. When human rights are violated in any region and the state is unable to stop the act; Request a joint meeting of the House of Federation and the House of Peoples' Representatives to take appropriate action on its own initiative and without the consent of the State; In accordance with the decision made, it shall give instructions to the Regional Council.

17. The Council has the power to summon the Prime Minister and other federal government officials for questioning and to review the functioning of the executive branch.

18. The House shall discuss any authority vested in the executive branch by a one-third majority of the members of the House. The council has the power to consult on the matter and to take whatever action is deemed necessary.

19. Elects the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House; Establishes the standing and ad hoc committees required for the work of the council.

Article 56 - Political Power

The political party or coalition that holds the majority of seats in the House shall organize the executive branch of the Federal Government; Leads.

Article 57 - Legislation

The law, which was approved by the House, will be signed by the President of the country; The president will sign within 15 days. If the president does not sign within 15 days, the law will take effect.

Article 58 - Meetings and Term of Office of the House

1. A quorum is present if more than half of the members are present.

2. The council's working hours are Monday through June, the last week of September. In the meantime, he will have a month's leave when the council decides.

3. The House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of five years; A new election will be held one month before the end of the term.

4. When the House is on vacation, a meeting of the Speaker may be convened. If more than half of the members of the House request a meeting, the Speaker is obliged to convene a meeting.

5. Meetings of the House of Peoples' Representatives will be held in public; However, a closed-door meeting may be convened if requested by members of the House or by the Federal Executive and supported by more than half of the members of the House.

Article 59 - Decisions and Rules of Procedure of the House 

1. Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, any decisions shall be made by a majority of the members of the House.

2. The council shall issue regulations regarding its procedures and legislative process.

Article 60 - Dissolution of the House

1. The Prime Minister may dissolve the House with the consent of the House to hold new elections before the end of his term.

2. The president invites political parties to form a coalition government within a week of the dissolution of the Council of Ministers and the formation of a coalition government with the ruling party. If the political parties fail to form a new government or maintain unity, the council is dissolved and new elections are held.
3. If the House is dissolved in accordance with sub-article 1 or 2 of this Article, a new election shall be held within six months.

4. Within 30 days of the election, the new House of Representatives will begin its work.

5. After the dissolution of the House of Representatives, the ruling political party or coalition of political parties cannot issue new proclamations, rules and regulations or repeal or amend existing laws, except in the day-to-day running of the government and holding elections.

Part Two - House of Federation - Article 61 - Members of the House of Federation

1. The House of Federation is the House of Representatives of the nations, nationalities, and peoples of the Federal Member States.

2. Each nation has at least one representative; In addition, one million people per nation will have one additional representative.

3. Members of the House of Federation shall be elected by State Councils; State councils are elected by themselves or directly by the people to represent a member of the House of Federation.

Article 62 - Powers and Duties of the House of Federation

1. The council has the power to interpret the constitution.

2. Organizes a Constitutional Inquiry Council.

3. In accordance with the Constitution, it shall decide on matters relating to the right of nations, nationalities and peoples to self-determination, including secession.

4. It promotes and develops the equality of the people and the unity of the people as enshrined in the Constitution.

5. Performs joint powers with the House of Representatives.

6. It seeks to resolve disputes between states.

7. The revenue allocated jointly by the states and the federal government is divided between the two; It also determines the formula for federal subsidies to states.

8. Determines civil matters that need to be legislated by the House of Representatives.

9. The federal government is required to intervene if any state violates this constitution and endangers its constitutional order.

10. It shall establish various standing and ad hoc committees of the Council.

11. The House shall elect its own Speaker and Deputy Speaker; It shall issue its own rules of conduct and internal administration.

Article 63 - Rights of members of the House of Federation

1. No member of the House of the Federation shall be prosecuted for any comments or votes made at any meeting of the House; No administrative action will be taken.

2. No member of the House of Federation shall be arrested or prosecuted without the consent of the House of Representatives unless he or she is involved in a serious crime.

Article 64 - Decisions and Rules of Procedure

1. The quorum of the House of Federation shall be two-thirds of the members. Any decision can only be made with the support of more than half of the members present.

2. Members can only vote in person.

Article 65 - About the budget

The House of the Federation shall decide the budget by submitting it to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 66 - Powers of the Speaker of the House

1. The Speaker of the House of the Federation presides over the meetings of the House.

2. He oversees all administrative functions on behalf of the Council.

3. Implement disciplinary action against its members.

Article 67 - Meeting and Termination

1. The Council of the Federation meets at least twice a year.
2. The term of office of the Federation Council shall be five years.

Article 68 - Impossibility of membership in both Houses

No one may be a member of the House of Representatives or the House of Federation at the same time.

Chapter Seven

About the President of the Republic

Article 69 - About the President

The President is the head of state of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Article 70 - Appointment of the President

1. The power to nominate a candidate for the presidency rests with the House of Representatives.

2. The nominee shall be elected President by a two-thirds majority vote of the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of Federation.

3. If a member of the House is elected President, he or she shall vacate the seat of the House of Representatives.

4. The president's term is six years. No one can be elected president more than twice.

5. After the approval of the Presidential Election in accordance with sub-article 2 of this Article, before the commencement of the proceedings, the General Assembly shall declare its allegiance to the Constitution and the people of Ethiopia in the following words:

"I ... I promise to faithfully carry out my responsibilities when I take office as President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia today."

Article 71 - Powers and Duties of the President

1. Opens the annual joint meeting of the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of Federation.

2. In accordance with this Constitution, the House of Peoples' Representatives announces laws and international agreements approved by the Negarit Gazeta.

3. The Prime Minister shall appoint ambassadors and other ambassadors to represent the country abroad.

4. Receives letters of appointment of foreign ambassadors and special envoys.

5. Provides goals and awards according to the law.

6. At the request of the Prime Minister, he shall be promoted to a higher rank in accordance with the law.

7. He forgives according to the law.

Chapter Eight

Law enforcement

Article 72 - Executive Powers

1. The executive branch of the Federal Government of Ethiopia is vested in the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

2. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are accountable to the House of Representatives. The members of the Council of Ministers are jointly responsible for the decisions they make in government.

3. Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, the term of office of the Prime Minister shall be the term of office of the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 73 - Nomination of the Prime Minister

1. The Prime Minister is elected from among the members of the House of Representatives.

2. The political party that has the majority of the seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives or the political parties that have won will take over the government.

Article 74 - Powers and Duties of the Prime Minister

1. The Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

2. The Prime Minister nominates members of the Council of Ministers to the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval.

3. Monitors and ensures the implementation of laws, policies, directives and decisions made by the House of Representatives.

4. He leads, coordinates, and represents the Council of Ministers.

5. Monitors the implementation of policies, regulations, directives and decisions made by the Council of Ministers.

6. It oversees the country's foreign policy.

7. The House of Peoples' Representatives approves the appointment of commissioners, the President of the Central Supreme Court, the Vice-President and the Auditor General.

8. Supervises the performance and efficiency of the administration and takes the necessary corrective measures.

9. Provides senior government civil appointments other than those listed in sub-articles 2 and 7 of this Article.

10. The House of Representatives shall present awards and awards to the President in accordance with the law or the decision of the House of Representatives.

11. It shall periodically report to the House of Peoples' Representatives on the situation in the country, the activities of the government and future plans.

12. It shall carry out its functions in accordance with this Constitution and other laws.

13. He respects and upholds the constitution.

Article 75 - About the Deputy Prime Minister

1. Deputy Prime Minister

A) Perform the functions assigned by the Prime Minister;

B) He shall act in the absence of the Prime Minister.

C) The Deputy Prime Minister shall be accountable to the Prime Minister.

Article 76 - Council of Ministers

1. Council of Ministers: It is composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Ministers and other members, in accordance with the law.

2. The Council of Ministers is accountable to the Prime Minister.

3. The House of Representatives is accountable to the Council of Ministers for its decisions.

Article 77 - Powers and Duties of the Council of Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers shall ensure that the laws and decisions passed by the House of Peoples' Representatives are implemented and issue directives.

2. Determines, coordinates, and directs the activities of the Ministries and other government bodies directly accountable to the Council of Ministers.

3. Prepares the annual budget of the Federal Government, submits it to the House of Peoples' Representatives, and ensures its implementation when approved.

4. Ensures the implementation of monetary and financial policies, administers the National Bank, publishes money, borrows from domestic and foreign sources, and monitors foreign exchange and foreign exchange.

5. Protects copyright and artistic rights.

6. Designs and implements economic, social and development policies and strategies.

7. Creates uniform standards and timelines.

8. It formulates and implements the country's foreign policy.

9. It ensures that law and order are upheld.

10. Declares a state of emergency; Within the time limit set by this Constitution, it shall submit the declared state of emergency to the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval.

11. Draws legislation on all matters, including war, to the House of Representatives.

12. They perform other functions assigned to them by the House of Representatives and the Prime Minister.

13. It shall issue regulations in accordance with the powers vested in it by the House of Representatives.

Chapter Nine

About the structure and jurisdiction of the courts

Article 78 - About the Independent Judiciary

1. An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution.

2. The highest judicial body of the Federal Government shall be the Federal Supreme Court. When the House of Peoples' Representatives deems it necessary, it may be decided by two-thirds of the votes to form the Federal High Court and the Court of First Instance in whole or in part. If the case is not resolved in this way, the powers of the federal high and lower courts are vested in the state courts.

3. Regions: There will be state supreme courts, state high courts and state first instance courts. The details are determined by law.

4. Judicial jurisdiction shall not be established by a tribunal or a tribunal that does not adhere to the rule of law.

5. The House of Peoples' Representatives and State Houses may establish or recognize religious and cultural courts in accordance with Article 34, Sub-Article 5. Prior to the adoption of this new constitution, religious and cultural courts, which had been recognized by the government, were established under this Constitution.

Article 79 - Jurisdiction

1. Judicial power is vested in the federal and state courts.

2. The judiciary at all levels is independent of any government body, authority, or other influence.

3. Judges carry out their judicial functions with impunity. They are not guided by anything but the law.

4. No judge shall be arbitrarily deprived of his liberty except in the following circumstances:

A) When the Judicial Council determines that it has committed a crime in violation of the Judicial Code or has significantly reduced its efficiency and effectiveness; or

B) determines that he is unable to perform his duties properly due to illness, and

C) When the decision of the assembly is approved by more than half of the votes cast by the House of Peoples' Representatives or the regional councils.

5. The retirement period of any judge will not be extended.

6. The Federal Supreme Court shall submit to the House of Peoples' Representatives the budget for the administration of the Federal Judiciary and shall administer the budget when approved.

7. State budgets are allocated to state councils. The House of Peoples' Representatives provides budget compensation to the state Supreme Courts and State Supreme Courts, which oversee the judicial jurisdiction of the Federal High and First Instance Courts.

Article 80 - Coalition and jurisdiction of the courts

1. The Federal Supreme Court has jurisdiction over federal matters.

2. The State Supreme Court has jurisdiction over the state's affairs. It also has jurisdiction over the Federal High Court.

3. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-articles 1 and 2 of this Article,

A) The Federal Supreme Court shall have the power to review any final decision which is fundamentally flawed. The details are determined by law.

B) The State Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over the final decision of a state court which has a fundamental error of law. The details are determined by law.

4. In addition to the jurisdiction of the State Supreme Court, the Federal Court of First Instance has jurisdiction.

5. Appeals to the State Supreme Court's decision in the Federal Court of First Instance will be heard by the State Supreme Court.

6. Appeals to the Federal Supreme Court's decision are heard by the Federal Supreme Court.

Article 81 - About the appointment of judges

1. The President and Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court shall be appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of the Federal Government.

2. With regard to other judges of the Federal Supreme Court, the Prime Minister shall nominate the nominees to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

3. The President and Vice-President of the State Supreme Court shall be appointed by the State Council on the recommendation of the head of state.

4. Judges of the State Supreme Court and the State High Court shall be appointed by the Regional Council at the recommendation of the Regional Judicial Council. Before the Regional Judicial Council before presenting the appointments to the House, it is the responsibility of the Federal Judicial Council to consult with the candidates and submit their comments to the Regional Council. If the Federal Judicial Council does not submit its recommendation within three months, the Regional Council shall approve the appointment.

5. Judges of the State Court of First Instance shall be appointed by the Regional Council at the recommendation of the Regional Judicial Council.

6. Discipline and transfer of judges at all levels will be decided by the relevant Judicial Council.

Article 82 - Structure of the Constitutional Inquiry Council

1. The Constitutional Inquiry Council was established by this Constitution.

2. The Constitutional Inquiry Council will have eleven members. Its members are as follows:

A) Chairman of the Federal Supreme Court;

B) Vice President, Vice-Chairman of the Federal Supreme Court;

C) Six professional lawyers who have been certified by the President of the Republic by the House of Peoples' Representatives;

D) Three members of the House of Federation.

3. The Constitutional Inquiry Council may be set up to ensure efficiency.

Article 83 - Interpreting the Constitution

1. When a constitutional dispute arises, it is decided by the House of Federation.

2. The House of Federation shall, within thirty days, decide on a constitutional matter before the Constitutional Inquiry Council.

Article 84 - Powers and Duties of the Constitutional Inquiry Council

1. The Constitutional Inquiry Council has the power to investigate constitutional matters. When it deems it necessary to interpret the constitution on the basis of its investigation, it shall make a decision to the House of Federation.

2. When a question arises as to whether the laws enacted by the Federal Government or the State Legislature are inconsistent with this Constitution, the matter shall be investigated by the relevant court or its client and submitted to the House of Federation for a final decision.

3. When asked about the interpretation of the Constitution in the courts,

A) Return the matter to the relevant court if it deems it necessary to interpret the Constitution; A client who is dissatisfied with the decision of the Inquiry Council may appeal to the House of Federation.

B) Submit to the House of Federation the final decision on the constitutional interpretation of the matter if it believes that there is a question of interpretation.

4. Draw a guideline to the House of the Federation and implement it when approved.

Chapter Ten

Principles and Objectives of National Policy

Article 85 - Objectives

1. Any body of government must adhere to the principles and objectives set out in this chapter when implementing the Constitution, other laws, and policies.

2. In this chapter, "government" means federal or state governments, depending on the situation.

Article 86 - Principles of Foreign Relations

1. Promoting foreign policy that protects the interests of the Ethiopian people and upholds the country's sovereignty.

2. Respect for the sovereignty and equality of governments, not interfering in the affairs of other countries.

3. Ensure that the country's foreign policy is based on mutual benefit and equality and that international agreements are in Ethiopia's interest.

4. Respect for international laws and treaties that uphold Ethiopia's sovereignty and do not infringe on the interests of its people.

5. Developing ever-growing economic alliances and brotherhood with neighboring countries and other African countries.

6. Efforts to resolve conflicts amicably.

Article 87 - Principles of Defense

1. The country's armed forces may consist of a balanced mix of nations, nationalities, and peoples.

2. The Minister of Defense will be a civilian.

3. In addition to protecting the sovereignty of the country, the Armed Forces shall carry out the functions of the state of emergency in accordance with this Constitution.

4. The Armed Forces shall at all times abide by the Constitution.

5. The armed forces perform their duties in a non-partisan manner.

Article 88 - Political Objectives

1. The government must facilitate the people to govern themselves at all levels based on democratic principles.

2. The government has a duty to respect the identities of nations, nationalities, and peoples and, accordingly, to promote equality and brotherhood among them.

Article 89 - Economic Purposes

1. The government has a responsibility to design a way for all Ethiopians to benefit from the country's accumulated knowledge and resources.

2. The government has an obligation to improve the economic conditions of Ethiopians so that they have equal opportunities and facilitate the equitable distribution of wealth.

3. Prevent natural and man-made disasters and provide timely assistance to victims.

4. The government will provide special support to developing nations, nationalities, and peoples.

5. The government has a responsibility to ensure that land and natural resources are held in the name of the people for the common good and development of the people.

6. The government must involve the people at all levels when developing national development policies and programs. It should also support public development activities.

7. The government has a responsibility to facilitate equal participation of women in economic and social development.

8. The government must work to ensure the health and well-being of the working class.

Article 90 - Social Objectives

1. To the extent possible, all Ethiopians have access to education, health services, clean water, housing, food and social security.

2. Education must be free from all forms of religious, political, and cultural influences.

Article 91 - Cultural Objectives

1. The government has a responsibility to ensure that fundamental rights and human dignity are equally developed and nurtured by cultures and customs that do not conflict with democracy and the constitution.

2. Protecting the country's natural resources and heritage is the responsibility of the government and all Ethiopians.

3. The government has a duty to promote the arts, science and technology to the best of its ability.

Article 92 - Environmental Safety Objectives

1. The government has a responsibility to ensure that all Ethiopians have a clean and healthy environment.

2. Any economic development action must not jeopardize the environment.

3. When designing and implementing public safety policies and programs, all concerned communities must be consulted.

4. Governments and citizens have a responsibility to care for their environment.

Chapter Eleven

Various provisions

Article 93 - Emergency Proclamation

1. A) The Council of Ministers of the Federal Government has the power to declare a state of emergency in the event of a foreign invasion or a situation that threatens the constitutional order and is beyond the control of the law enforcement system.

 (B) In the event of a natural disaster or a pandemic, state governments may declare a state of emergency. The details shall be determined by the constitutions of the states in accordance with this Constitution.

2. A state of emergency declared in accordance with sub-article 1 (a) of this Article;

A) The House of Peoples 'Representatives must be notified to the House of Peoples' Representatives within forty-eight hours of the announcement. If the proclamation is not approved by a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, it shall be repealed immediately.

B) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article (a) above, a state of emergency declared during the absence of the House of Peoples 'Representatives shall be submitted to the House of Peoples' Representatives within fifteen days of the proclamation.

3. The state of emergency declared by the Council of Ministers can last up to six months after it is approved by the Council. The House of Representatives may, by a two-thirds majority, renew a state of emergency every four months.

4. A) When the state of emergency is declared, the Council of Ministers shall have the power to maintain the peace and existence of the country, public safety, law and order in accordance with regulations issued by it.

 B) The power of the Council of Ministers may, to the extent necessary, eliminate the fundamental political and democratic rights enshrined in the Constitution, to the extent necessary to eliminate the issue that led to the declaration of the state of emergency.

 C) The provisions and actions taken by the Council of Ministers under the Emergency Proclamation shall not in any way limit the rights provided for in Articles 1, 18, 25 and 39 Sub-Articles 1 and 2 of this Constitution.

5. During the declaration of a state of emergency, the House of Peoples' Representatives shall establish a seven-member Board of Inquiry from among its members and lawyers. The Board shall be established upon the approval of the House of Peoples' Representatives.

6. The Board of Inquiry into the Implementation of the State of Emergency has the following powers and responsibilities:

A) Announce the names of the individuals arrested as a result of the state of emergency within one month and state the reasons for their arrest;

B) Supervise and monitor the actions taken during the state of emergency in an inhumane manner;

C) Recommend that the Prime Minister or the Council of Ministers correct any action deemed inhumane.

D) Bring to justice all perpetrators of inhumane acts;

E) To submit to the House of Peoples' Representatives a request for the continuation of the state of emergency.

Article 94 - Regarding financial expenses

1. The federal government and the states shall each bear the costs of carrying out their legal duties and responsibilities, but the costs of any state acting on their behalf shall be borne by the delegating party unless otherwise agreed.

2. The federal government may provide loans and assistance to states for emergency rehabilitation and development assistance, unless it is an impediment to sustainable development. The Federal Government shall have the power to audit and oversee the subsidies of the states.

Article 95 - Regarding Financial Income

The federal government and the states share the revenue according to the federal structure.

Article 96 - Taxation of the Federal Government

1. The federal government imposes and collects customs duties, taxes, and other taxes on exports and imports.

2. It imposes and collects labor taxes on employees of the federal government and international organizations.

3. It levies and collects business profit tax, labor tax, sales and excise tax on public enterprises owned by the federal government.

4. Taxes and collects taxes on national lottery and other lottery income.

5. It levies and collects taxes on air, rail and sea transport revenues.

6. It levies, collects, and determines the income of homes and other property owned by the federal government.

7. Determines and collects fees arising from licenses and services provided by federal government bodies.

8. Monopoly levies and collects taxes.

9. Federal stamp duty levies and collects taxes.

Article 97 - Taxation of State Governments

1. States levy and collect labor taxes on state government and corporate employees.

2. Land use fees are determined and collected.

3. They levy and collect farm income tax on privately owned and cooperative farmers.

4. They levy and collect business profits and sales tax on individual traders in the region.

5. They tax and collect income from water transport in the region.

6. The state government levies and collects taxes on income from privately owned houses and other property, and leases rent on homes and other property owned by them.

7. They levy and collect business profits, labor taxes, sales and excise taxes on public enterprises owned by the state.

8. Subject to the provisions of sub-article 3 of Article 98, they shall levy and collect mining income tax, royalties and rent on mining.

9. Fees arising from licenses and services issued by state bodies shall be determined and collected.

10. Forest royalties are determined and collected.

Article 98 - Joint tax authority

1. The federal government and the states shall jointly levy and collect profit tax, labor tax, sales and excise tax on public enterprises established jointly.

2. They jointly levy and collect agricultural sales tax on corporate profits and shareholders' profits.

3. They collect and collect income tax and royalties on major mining and any petroleum and gas works.

 

Article 99 - Unspecified Tax and Tax Powers

 

The House of Federation and the House of Peoples' Representatives shall decide by a two-thirds majority vote on the powers not specified in this Constitution.

Article 100 - Principles of Taxation

1. States and the federal government must ensure that the taxes required are taxable in relation to the source and properly assessed.

2. They need to make sure that the relationship between them is not compromised and that it is commensurate with the service provided.

3. Unless it is a for-profit organization, states do not have the power to levy taxes on state property.

Article 101 - Auditor General

1. The Auditor General shall be appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

2. The Auditor General oversees the accounts of the Federal Ministries and other ministries and reports to the House that the annual budget allocated by the House of Peoples' Representatives has been used properly.

3. The Auditor General submits his office budget directly to the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval.

4. The functions of the Auditor General are determined by law.

Article 102 - Electoral Board

1. A free and fair National Electoral Board shall be established to conduct free and fair elections in federal and state constituencies.

2. The members of the Board shall be appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The details are determined by law.

Article 103 - Census Commission

1. There will be a Census Commission that will regularly study and conduct a census of the country's population.

2. The members of the Commission shall be appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

3. The commission will have a secretary, necessary staff and support staff.

4. The annual budget of the Commission shall be submitted directly to the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval.

5. A census is conducted every ten years. As a result, the House of Federation shall decide on the drafting of constituencies by the Board of Elections.

6. The Commission is accountable to the House of Peoples' Representatives. Regularly reports to the Council on the performance of the work.

Article 104 - Generating a Constitutional Amendment

If a proposal to amend the Constitution is approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives by a two-thirds majority, the House of Federation by a two-thirds majority, or by one-third of the member states of the Federation by a majority vote.

Article 105 - To amend the Constitution

1. All the rights and freedoms enumerated in Chapter Three of this Constitution, this Article: Also, Article 104 can only be amended in the following manner:

A) When all the regional councils approve the amendment by a majority vote;

B) when the House of Peoples' Representatives of the Federal Government approves the amendment by a two-thirds majority, and

C) When the House of Federation approves the amendment by a two-thirds majority.

2. The provisions of the Constitution other than those listed in sub-article 1 of this Article may be amended only in the following manner:

A) When the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of the Federation unanimously approve the amendment by a two-thirds majority;

B) Two-thirds of the member states of the federation approve the amendment by a majority vote.

Article 106 - Copy of final legal recognition

The Amharic version of this constitution is the last legally recognized document.