አስፈላጊነት እና ጠቀሜታ

እንደ ፕሮፌሰር ዌድና ፎርሲይዝ እይታ አስተዳደራዊ ደንብና መመሪያ የመደንገግ ስልጣን የአስተዳደር ህግ ዋነኛ መገለጫ ነው፡፡^a የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች ከሚሰጡት ግልጋሎትና እያሳዩት ካለው ፈጣን ዕድገት አንጻር በሁለተኛነት የህጉ መገለጫ አድርገን ብንወስዳቸው አንሳሳትም፡፡ እነዚህ የዳኝነት ተቋማት ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ በቁጥርና በዓይነት እየበዙ መምጣታቸውና የዳኝነት ስልጣናቸው ክልል እየሰፋ መሄዱ የአስተዳደር ህግ ትልቁ ስኬት እንደሆነ የመስኩ ምሁራን በአፅንኦት የሚገልፁት ጉዳይ ሆኗል፡፡^b ፒተር ኬን ይህን ስኬት እንደሚከተለው ይገልጸዋል፡፡

One of the most significant, large-scale and enduring constitutional developments of the past 150 years has been the creation of a set of governmental institutions known, in major common law jurisdictions outside the United States, as ‘tribunals’.^c

የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች የመፈጠራቸው ዋነኛ ምክንያት ዜጎች በአነስተኛ ወጪና በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ የተፋጠነ ፍትህ እንዲያገኙ ለማስቻል ነው፡፡ በብዙ አገራት (ለምሳሌ በእንግሊዝና አውስትራሊያ) እነዚህ የዳኝነት አካላት ከሞላ ጎደል ይህን ዓላማቸውን ከግብ በማድረስ ውጤታማ ሆነዋል፡፡ በህግ የሚሰጣቸው የዳኝነት የስልጣን ክልል ከመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤቶች አንጻር ውስን ቢሆንም በመንግስትና በግለሰብ ብሎም በግለሰቦች መካከል የሚነሱ ጉዳዮችን ለምሳሌ በጤና፣ በትምህርት፣ በጨረታ፣ በፈቃድ አሰጣጥ፣ ስደተኞችና ሌሎች ዘርፈ ብዙ ጉዳዮች በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ እልባት በመስጠት እንደ አማራጭ የሙግት መፍቻ መንገድ ውጤታማና ፍሬያማ ለመሆን በቅተዋል፡፡

ስለ አስተዳደር ጉባዔ ስኬትና ውጤታማነት ስንነጋገር ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የምናገኘው እውነታ የዚህ ተቃራኒ ነው፡፡ ለዚህም ብዙ ምክንያቶች ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ በዋነኛነት ግን ሁለቱን ማንሳቱ አግባብነት አለው፡፡ የመጀመሪያው ዋነኛ ምክንያት በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች በፍትህ ስርአቱ ውስጥ ሙሉ በሙሉ መዘንጋታቸውና ህገ መንግስታዊ ቦታቸው ጥርት ብሎ አለመታወቁ በዚህም ምክንያት ወጥ፣ ነፃና ውጤታማ አደረጃጀት የሌላቸው መሆኑ ነው፡፡^d

በሁለተኛነት ስለ አስተዳደር ፍርድ ቤት ያለው ግንዛቤና እይታ ራሳቸውን እንደቻሉ የፍትህ ስርዓቱ ተጓዳኝ ተቋማት ሳይሆን በአስተዳደር መስሪያ ቤቶች ስር ያሉ ቅሬታ ሰሚ አካላት ተደርገው መቆጠራቸው ነው፡፡

ከጠቀሜታቸው አንጻር በአነስተኛ ወጪ፣ ቀላል በሆነ የክርክር ስነ ስርዓት፣ ፈጣን የአስተዳደር ፍትህ በመስጠት ለዜጎች የሚያበረከረቱት አስተዋፅኦ እጅጉን የጎላ ነው፡፡^e በተለይ በመንግስትና በግለሰብ መካከል የሚነሱ እጅግ በርካታ አስተዳደራዊ ክርክሮችን በተሻለና ውጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ በመፍታት የፍርድ ቤቶችን ጫና ያቃልላሉ፡፡

በፍርድ ቤት ያለው የክስ ሂደት የተንዛዛ ከመሆኑም ባሻገር ከፍተኛ ወጪ ስለሚጠይቅ በተለይ ለድሃው የህብረተሰብ ክፍል በቀላሉ ፍትህ ማጎናፀፍ ይሳነዋል፡፡ ይህም ከአስተዳደሩ ጋር በተያያዘ ለሚነሱ ክርክሮች ሁለት ጉዳቶችን ያስከትላል፡፡ በአንድ በኩል በተንዛዛ ክርክር ምክንያት ውጤታማ አስተዳደር አይኖርም፡፡ በሌላ በኩል ዜጎች በፍትህ እጦት ይንገላታሉ፡፡

ሌላው ጠቀሜታ ልዩ ዕውቀት ያካበተ የሰው ኃይል በማፍራት ረገድ የሙያ ክህሎትን ማጎልበታቸው ላይ ነው፡፡ አብዛኛዎቹ ጉባዔዎች የሚያዩት ጉዳይ ውስን ከመሆኑ አንጻር ተደጋጋሚ ጉዳዮች ቀርበው መወሰናቸው የአስተዳደር ዳኛው በመስኩ ሰፊ ተሞክሮና ዕውቀት እንዲቀስም ያስችለዋል፡፡ በተጨማሪ የአስተዳደር ክርክሮችን የሚያየው ዳኛ በቦታው ሲሾም ከህግ ዕውቀት በተጨማሪ ስለሚያየው ጉዳይ ልዩ እውቀት ስለሚኖረው የህግ ዕውቀት ብቻ ኖሮት የተለያዩ ዓይነት ጉዳዮችን ከሚያየው የመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ዳኛ በተሻለ መልክ ውጤታማ ውሳኔ ለመስጠት ተመራጭ ያደርገዋል፡፡ የአስተዳደር ዳኞች ከህግ ዕውቀት በተጨማሪ ለጉዳዩ የሚያስፈልገውን ሙያ የጨበጡ በመሆኑ በክርክር ወቅት ሊነሱ የሚችሉ ህግ ነክ ያልሆኑ ጭብጦችን በቀላሉ ተረድተው ውሳኔ ላይ ለመድረስ ያስችላቸዋል፡፡

ለማጠቃለል ያህል የሚከተሉትን ነጥቦች እንደ አስተዳደር ጉባዔ ጠቃሜታዎች መጥቀስ እንችላለን፡፡

• ጉዳዩን ሰምቶ ለመወሰን አጭር ጊዜ የሚፈጅ በመሆኑ ያለ ረጅም ቀጠሮ ፈጣን ውሳኔ ይሰጣል፡፡
• በአስተዳደር ክርክር አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ጠበቃ ማቆም አስፈላጊ ባለመሆኑና መዝገብ ለማስከፈት መጠነኛ ወይም ከነጭራሹ ክፍያ ስለማይኖር የተከራካሪዎችን ወጪ ይቆጥባል፡፡
• በቦታው የሚቀመጠው የአስተዳደር ዳኛ ለጉዳዩ ልዩ እውቀት ያለው በመሆኑ የተሻለ ውሳኔ ይሰጣል፡፡
• መደበኛውን ስነ ስርዓትና የማስረጃ ህግ የመከተል ግዴታ ሳይኖርበት እንደየሁኔታው ተፈጻሚ የሚሆኑ ኢ-መደበኛ የስነ ስርዓት ደንቦች ላይ ተመርኩዞ ክርክሩን በመምራት የተንዛዛ የክርክር ስርዓትን ያስቀራል፡፡

አስፈላጊነቱና ጠቀሜታው እንዳለ ሆኖ ደካማ ጎኑንም በጥቂቱ መዳሰሱ ጥቅምና ጉዳቱን ከመመዘን አንጻር ፋይዳው የጎላ ነው፡፡ ከደካማ ጎኖች መካከል ጥቂቶቹ የሚከተሉት ናቸው፡፡

• በጊዜ ሂደት የተወሰኑ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች መለያቸው የሆነውን ኢ-መደበኛ ስነ ስርዓት በመተው ጥብቅ የስነ ስርዓት ደንቦች የሚከተሉ ፍርድ ቤቶች እየሆኑ መጥተዋል፡፡
• በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ በስራ አስፈፃሚው እጅ ስለሚወድቁ ነፃና ገለልተኛ አካላት አይደሉም፡፡
• አንዳንዶቹ የሰለጠነ የሰው ኃይል የላቸውም፡፡ ለውሳኔያቸው በቂ ምክንያት አይሰጡም፡፡
• በአስተዳደር ፍርድ ቤት ተከራካሪ የሆነ ባለ ጉዳይ የህግ እርዳታ አያገኝም፡፡