ንድፈ ሃሳባዊ አቅጣጫዎች።

 

 ንድፈ ሃሳባዊ አቅጣጫዎች።

በአንድ ህብረተሰብ ውስጥ የህግ ሚና ውስብስብ ነው፡፡ የአስተዳደር ህግ በመንግስት አስተዳደር ስራ ወይም በአስተዳደራዊ ሂደት ውስጥ ሊኖረው የሚችለው አዎንታዊና አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ እና ውጤት ተግባራዊ የሆነ ጥናትና ትንተና የሚያስፈልገው ጉዳይ ሆኗል፡፡ ከተግባራዊ መመዘኛው በተጨማሪ ዓይነተኛ ሚና እና ተግባሩን በተመለከተ የሚቀረጽበት ማዕዘን ወይም እይታ በተለያዩ ወገኖች የተለያየ አቋም ተይዞበት ይገኛል፡፡ ብዙዎቹ እንደሚስማሙበት ግን የአስተዳደር ህግ ለብቻው ተነጥሎ የሚጠና የህግ ክፍል ሳይሆን መሰረት ከሆኑት ተጨባጭ ፖለቲካዊ፤ ኢኮኖሚያዊና ማህበራዊ ሁኔታዎች ግንኙነት፤ ግጭትና ስምምነት እንዲሁም መስተጋብራዊ ውጤት አንጻር መታየት ይኖርበታል፡፡

ምንም እንኳን የአስተዳደር ህግን በተመለከተ ጐራ ለይቶ የተቀመጠ ፍንትው ያለ ንድፈ ሀሳብ ባይኖርም ጠቅለል ባለ መልኩ በሁለት አቅጣጫዎች እየተጓዘ ይገኛል፡፡ ሃርሎው እና ሮውሊንግ የተባሉ የአስተዳደር ህግ አጥኝዎች እነዚህን ሁለት ንድፈ ሀሳባዊ አቅጣጫዎች በመለየት ‘የቀይ መብራት’ (የቁም!) ንድፈ ሀሳብ እና ‘የአረንጓዴ መብራት’ (የእለፍ!) ንድፈ ሀሳብ የሚል ስያሜ በመስጠት የሚያንፀባርቁትንና የሚወክሉትን አቋም በተመለከተ ትንተና አቅርበዋል፡፡^a

በዚሁ መሰረት የመጀመሪያው የቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ በአቀራረቡ ወግ አጥባቂ ሲሆን ቁጥጥርን ዓይነተኛ የአስተዳደር ህግ ሚና አድርጐ ይወስዳል፡፡ ንድፈ ሀሳቡ ከአስተዳደር ህግ መጸነስና መወለድ ጋር አብሮ የዳበረ የኋለኛው ዘመን (traditional) እይታን ያንጸባርቃል፡፡ ይህ ሲባል ግን ታሪካዊ ውልደቱንና አመጣጡን ለማሳየት እንጂ በአሁኑ ወቅት በተግባር የሚገለፅ አቀራረብ እንዳልሆነ ለመጠቆም አይደለም፡፡ የአስተዳደር ህግ የተነሳበት ዋነኛ አጀንዳ በየጊዜው እየጨመረ የመጣውን የመንግስት ስልጣን በቅጡ መቆጣጠርና በዚህም የዜጐች መብትና ጥቅም እንዳይጣስ መከላከል ነው፡፡ የመንግስት ተቋማትና ባለስልጣናት ከስልጣናቸው ገደብ አልፈው በሚፈፅሙት ድርጊት የተነሳ በዜጐች ላይ በደል እንዳይደርስ ስልጣናቸው እንደፈረስ ልጓም መቆጣጠሪያ መሳሪያ ያስፈልገዋል፡፡

በቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ መሰረት ይህ መሳሪያ የአስተዳደር ህግ ነው፡፡ የቁጥጥር መሳሪያ ከሆኑት መንገዶች አንዱ የአስተዳደራዊ ውሳኔ ህጋዊት በፍ/ቤቶች የሚታረምበት የአጣሪ ዳኝነት ስርዓት አንዱና ዋነኛው ሲሆን የቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ ፍ/ቤቶች አስተዳደራዊ ተቋማትን የመቆጣጠር ጠንካራ ሚና እንዲኖራቸው በአጽንኦት ይከራከራል፡፡^b

የንድፈ ሀሳቡን ዳራ በቅጡ ለመረዳት ምንጩ ከሆነው የነፃ ገበያ የፖለቲካ ፍልስፍና አንፃር መመርመሩ ጠቃሚ ነው፡፡ በዚህ ርዕዮተ ዓለማዊ እይታ ምርጥ መንግስት ማለት የታቀበ መንግስት ነው፡፡ ፒተር ለይላንድ እና ቴሪ ውድስ ይህንኑ በማጉላት እንዲህ ይላሉ፤

‘የቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ’ አመጣጡ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ሰፍኖ ከነበረው የነፃ ገበያ ንድፈ ሀሳብ ነው፡፡ ነፃ ገበያ ለግለሰለቦች ነፃነት ከፍተኛ ትኩረት በመስጠት በአንፃሩ ግን የመንግስትን ስልጣን በጥርጣሬ በማየት ውስን አገዛዝን በዋነኛነት ይደግፋል፡፡^c

የነፃ ገበያ ስርዓት ነፀብራቅ የሆነው የቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ የመንግስትን ረጃጅም እጆች ለማሳጠር የአስተዳደር ህግን እንደ መቆጣጠሪያ መሳሪያ ይጠቀምበታል፡፡ ጠንካራ መንግስት በግለሰቦች እንቅስቃሴ ውስጥ በየጊዜው ጣልቃ እየገባ ስለሚያስቸግር የግለሰቦች ነፃነት ጠር ተደርጎ ይቆጠራል፡፡ በተግባር እንደታየው ግን ከ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ወዲህ የመንግስት ስልጣንና ሚና ከመቼውም ጊዜ የበለጠ እያደገ መጥቷል፡፡ የተለያየ ተግባራትን የሚያከናውኑ የአስተዳደር ተቋማት ቁጥርም ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ እያሻቀበ ይገኛል፡፡ እነዚህ ተቋማት በህግ አውጭው በሚሰጣቸው ስልጣን መሰረት መጠነ ሰፊ ተግባራትን ያከናውናሉ፡፡ በቁም ንድፈ ሀሳብ መሰረት በታሪክ ሂደት እያደገ የመጣውን የመንግስት ስልጣንና በየጊዜው የሚፈጠሩትን የአስተዳደር ተቋማት ከግለሰቦች ነፃነት ጐን ለጐን አጣጥሞ መሄድ የሚቻለው በህግ ማዕቀፍ ጠንካራ ቁጥጥር ሲደረግባቸው ነው፡፡

ሁለተኛውን የእለፍ ንድፈ ሀሳብ ያየን እንደሆነ ከስሙ ለመረዳት እንደሚቻለው ለመንግስት ስልጣንና ለአስተዳደር ተቋማት የአረንጓዴ መብራት ማለትም የእለፍ ፈቃድ ይሰጣል፡፡ በዚህ ንድፈ ሀሳብ መሰረት የአስተዳደር ህግ ዋነኛ ሚና የመንግስትን ስራ ማቀላጠፍ ነው፡፡ ጣልቃ ገብነት ሳይኖር ሲቀር የመንግስት ቢሮክራሲ ውጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ ይሰራል፡፡ ስለሆነም የአስተዳደር ህግ የውሳኔ አሰጣጥ ስርዓትን ቀልጣፋ እንዲሆን በማድረግ ውጤታማነትን ማበረታታት ይኖርበታል፡፡ አስተዳደር በቁጥጥር ሰበብ እጆቹ የሚታሰሩ ከሆነ ተጨማሪ አስተዳደራዊ በደልን ከማስከተል በቀር ፋይዳ የለውም፡፡

ፖለቲካዊ ዳራውን ያየን እንደሆነ የማህበራዊ ዲሞክራሲ (social democracy) ንድፈ ሀሳብ ነፀብራቅ ነው፡፡^d በዚህ ፖለቲካዊ ንድፈ ሀሳብ መሰረት መንግስት በማህበራዊና ኢኮኖሚያዊ እንቅስቃሴዎች ውስጥ አዎንታዊ በሆነ መንገድ በመሳተፍ አቅም ለሌለው ህብረተሰብ ማህበራዊ አገልግሎት ማቅረብ ይኖርበታል፡፡ በዚህ ሂደት የአስተዳደር ህግ የ‘መንገድ ጠራጊነት’ ሚና ሊኖረው ይገባል፡፡

የእለፍ እና የቁም ንድፈ ሀሳባዊ አቅጣጫዎች በየፊናቸው የአስተዳደር ህግን ዓይነተኛ ሚና ያንፀባርቃሉ፡፡ ስለሆነም የመጀመሪያው የማቀብ፤ ሁለተኛው ደግሞ የማሳለጥ ሚናዎችን ይወክላሉ፡፡ ፒተር ኬን ይህንን ሀሳብ እንደሚከተለው በተብራራ መልኩ ይገልጸዋል፡፡

We can think about government as having a complex set of (‘policy’) objectives and about administrative law as both facilitating and constraining the realization of those objectives. Law can facilitate by defining objectives and by creating institutions, conferring powers, and establishing processes for realizing those objectives. Law can constrain by specifying how such institutions must behave in operating such processes and exercising such powers lawfully, fairly, reasonably, and so on. Law as facilitator is concerned primarily with ends; law as constraint is concerned primarily with means to ends.

ከላይ የቀረበው ሀሳብ እንደሚያስረዳን ‘እለፍ’ እና ‘ቁም’ ተብለው የተፈረጁት አመለካከቶች ተነጣጥለው የቆሙ አይደሉም፡፡ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ገፅታው ግምት ውስጥ ሳይገባ ማንኛውም የመንግስት አስተዳደር ስራ የሚሰራው የስልጣን አሰጣጥንና እና መገልገልን በሚመሩ ህጎች እየታገዘ ነው፡፡